Through three surveys conducted over the past decade,
changes in economic development strategies employed by localities have been
observed.
Academic
research has identified three waves of economic development.
The first wave strategies look outward for economic growth is
characterized by a focus on business attraction through financial incentives and
infrastructure investment.
Second-wave development strategies seek to retain and expand
existing firms.
Third-wave strategies focus on strategies such as quality of
life and environmental concerns that are more commonly referred to as “community
development” (including sustainability initiatives) and small business
development.
In comparing the use of these practices between 1994 and
2004 it was discovered that local governments progress through these stages in
an evolutionary manner - even while still relying on strategies from all three
waves.
- Municipalities are the primary entity responsible for local economic development
- Chambers of commerce experienced a considerable decrease in their recognition as economic development partners.
- Less than half of municipalities have a written economic development plan
- Municipalities are feeling increased competitive pressure from abroad
- Distressed areas face the most competition because they compete for the lowest skilled jobs.
- Availability and cost of land, along with a lack of capital, are among the top barriers to economic development.